Online Purchase Motivation Behaviors From Conscientious...

1. What is the stated research question or problem? The stated research question from Jen-Hung Huang’s and Yi-Chun Yang’s article titled, The Relationship between Personality traits and Online Shopping Motivations, observes the different purchasing behaviors from Conscientious shoppers and Extravert shoppers while shopping online. Furthermore, the article addresses that various speculations have followed the behaviors of Conscientious shoppers and Extraverts shoppers regarding how these type of shoppers are influenced to purchases goods and services from the internet. However, Huang and Yang (2010) note that some researchers have yet to explain in detail on the topic of online purchase motivations (p. 673). In brief, for Huang and Yang to clarify the topic of online purchase motivation behaviors from Conscientious shoppers and Extraverts shoppers, the authors implemented the Big Five Model. Particularly, the Big Five Model addresses the behaviors of openness, conscientious, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism fo r Huang and Yang to answer their research question of the different shopping characteristics behaviors from Conscientious shoppers and Extravert shoppers. - Conscientious shoppers: Described as self-organized, financially efficient, and prepared for the future (Huang and Yang, 2010, p. 675). - Extravert shoppers: Described as motivated to pursue in social activities and embrace personal interactions (Huang and Yang, 2010, p. 675). 2. Does the articleShow MoreRelatedConsumer Behavior Study Notes7882 Words   |  32 PagesConsumer Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour? Consumer Behaviour: the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires. 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General Motors with Lean Manufacturing Free Essays

string(132) " The TPS organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer, including interaction with suppliers and customers\." General Motors with Lean Manufacturing An Introduction of GM Global Manufacturing System Operations Management Team Project Contributed by We Make A+ (sort by number): – 2009 050 444 – 2010 049 712 – 2010 054 149 – 2010 059 605 – 9125 620 120 Division of Business Administration, Hanyang Univ. ERICA Ansan, December 2012 Contents Part 1. Overview of General Motors2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on General Motors with Lean Manufacturing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Why General Motors? 2 1. 2 Introduction of General Motors3 1. 3 Basic Information3 1. 4 History of GM4 1. 5 GM’s family4 Part 2. Introduction of Lean Manufacturing4 2. 1 Definition5 2. 2 Lean and TPS5 2. 3 Theme: Efficiency6 Part 3. GM’s Global Manufacturing System6 3. 1 Application of Lean Manufacturing6 3. 2 In-Progress Control and Verification7 3. 3 Process Failure and Effect Analysis11 3. 4 Quality Feedback/Feedforward11 3. 5 Quality System Management13 Part 4. Comments14 4. 1 Achievements beyond Efficiency14 4. 2 A Too-Lean GM? 15 Bibliography16 Part 1. Overview of General Motors 1. 1 Why General Motors? First automotive industry has started in 1885 since Karl Benz and Daimler develop gasoline engine cars. The early automotive industry was expensive ,slow and didn’t escape from the design of the wagon type. But The introduction of Henry Ford’s conveyor belt is way as to be able to mass-produced, it became the beginning of popularization. U. S. automotive company seek to enter into the world in Europe ,since 1920’s and by combining U. S.. ‘s car production technology and Europe’s brand value, Europe emerged as the largest market in the world. At the European economy will recover in 1950, U. S. has grown enough to occupy 80% in world market and Europe built a new product differentiation and diversification strategy in order to correspond to U. S. At this point should be noted that Japan’s inroad into world market. Because of Korean war, Japan laid the foundation of growth and The 1960’s, global automotive market is growing, Japan participate in global automotive market. Especially, Japan made new Labor-management relations by new industrial organization and distinctive production manner, and spreading Toyota production system and JIT approach to become more competitive, They were formed 3 polarized system to dominate the world market with U. S. and Europe. After that, Before and after the 1980’s, Asian countries, including countries such as Mexico and Brazil participated in global automotive market as a weapon low-income and small car. In 1990’s, U. S. lead global automotive market increasing core competencies by innovation to reengineering, benchmarking, restructuring, and downsizing, etc, competing with Japan. In the late 1990s, Automotive market undergo great confusion due to oversupply and changing consumer needs, and Multinational automotive companies’ M;A is greatly increasing, and a small number of large companies lead global automotive market. In the flow of the automotive industry, after establishment in 1908, GM lay the foundation focusing on to raise the size merging Buick, Cadillac, including 25 companies and maintain first in sales between 1933 to 2008. Also, in domestic, GM is known for a lot of familiar brands such as Chevrolet. Because GM overcome several financial crisis and still exist the center of the world’s automotive industry companies, we choose GM automotive industry companies, we choose GM 1. 2 Introduction of General Motors General Motors Company commonly known as GM (General Motors Corporation before 2009), is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, and the world’s largest auto maker, by vehicle unit sales, in 2011, employing 202,000 people and doing business in some 157 countries. General Motors produces cars and trucks in 31 countries, and sells and services these vehicles through the following four regional segments, which are GM North America (GMNA), GM Europe (GME), GM International Operations (GMIO), and GM South America (GMSA), through which development, production, marketing and sales are organised in their respective world regions, plus as fifth segment GM Financial. 1. 3 Basic Information Industry – Automotive Founded – September 16, 1908 Founder(s) – William C. Durant Headquarters – Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan, the US Number of locations – 156 facilities on six continents Area served – Worldwide Product – Automobiles, Financial Service 1. 4 History of GM 1908| Founded by William. C. Durant| 1910-1929| The rise of the automobile captured imaginations and sparked invention. | 1930-1959| GM’s commitment to innovation lent optimism during tumultuous world events. | 1960-1979| GM offered forward-thinking answers to an increasingly eco-conscious world. | 1980-1999| The close of the 20th century brought tremendous global growth for GM| 2000-2008| Trying economic times saw GM embracing an enduring passion for innovation. Today| We are passionate about designing, building and selling the world’s best vehicles. This vision unites us as a team and is the hallmark of our customer-driven culture. | 1. 5 GM’s family Part 2. Introduction of Lean Manufacturing 2. 1 Definition What is lean manufacturing(lean)? Lean manufacturing, lean enterprise, or lean production, often simply, â€Å"Lean,† is a production practice that cons iders the expenditure of resources for any goal other than the creation of value for the end customer to be wasteful, and thus a target for elimination. Working from the perspective of the customer who consumes a product or service, â€Å"value† is defined as any action or process that a customer would be willing to pay for. Essentially, lean is centered on preserving value with less work. Lean manufacturing is a management philosophy derived mostly from the Toyota Production System (TPS) (hence the term Toyotism is also prevalent) and identified as â€Å"Lean† only in the 1990s. TPS is renowned for its focus on reduction of the original Toyota seven wastes to improve overall customer value, but there are varying perspectives on how this is best achieved. The steady growth of Toyota, from a small company to the world’s largest automaker, has focused attention on how it has achieved this success. 2. 2 Lean and TPS Lean is a management philosophy developed from the Toyota Production System (TPS) and identified as Lean in the 1990s. The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota, that comprises its management philosophy and practices. The TPS organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer, including interaction with suppliers and customers. You read "General Motors with Lean Manufacturing" in category "Essay examples" The system is a major precursor of the more generic â€Å"lean manufacturing. Taiichi Ohno, Shigeo Shingo and Eiji Toyoda developed the system between 1948 and 1975. Originally called â€Å"just-in-time production,† it builds on the approach created by the founder of Toyota, Sakichi Toyoda, his son Kiichiro Toyoda, and the engineer Taiich i Ohno. The principles underlying the TPS are embodied in The Toyota Way. TPS focuses on reduction of the original Toyota seven wastes  to improve overall customer value. But there are varying perspectives on how this is best achieved. 2. 3 Theme: Efficiency Lean manufacturing is a variation on the theme of  efficiency  based on optimizing flow. It is a present-day instance of the recurring theme in human history toward increasing efficiency, decreasing waste, and using empirical methods to decide what matters, rather than uncritically accepting pre-existing ideas. As such, it is a chapter in the larger narrative that also includes such ideas as the folk wisdom of thrift, time and motion study, Taylorism, the Efficiency Movement, and Fordism. Lean manufacturing is often seen as a more refined version of earlier efficiency efforts, building upon the work of earlier leaders such as Taylor or Ford, and learning from their mistakes. Part 3. GM’s Global Manufacturing System 3. 1 Application of Lean Manufacturing To be more competitive in the global automotive industry, General Motors is concentrated on some key priorities; get common; think lean and run fast; compete on a global basis; grow the business and most importantly-focus on the product. GM Manufacturing is dedicated to lean and common as demonstrated by a single, global manufacturing approach – a strategy that is changing the way it designs its products, lays out plants, selects equipment and design each assembly plant operator’s job. The GM Global Manufacturing System-or GMS-is an important building block of an integrated strategy to develop products that excite customers in markets around the world. 3. 2 In-Progress Control and Verification In-Process Control Verification includes the intent and purpose of the BIQ motto: â€Å"Satisfy your customer; do not accept, build or ship a defect! Solve problems through team work. † Quality expectations are achieved in each process to ensure defects are not passed on to downstream process. Well, it raises a question, how to achieve customer satisfaction? General Motors has three paths for solving this problem. In the first place, prevention avoids defects or non-standards occurring. Secondly, Detection—identify when defects or non-standards have occurred. At last, use containment to assure defects or non-standards are not passed on. I will introduce these three methods in the following minutes. The benefits of In-Process Control Verification consist of three aspects: * To external customers (people buying our vehicle), it protects customers from sub-standard vehicle quality; it assures customer satisfaction. To internal customers (downstream operation), it prevents major repair and rework by detecting a non-conformity early in the process; it prevents the flow of defects from department to department and station to station. * To internal customers (from suppliers), it protects Team Members from non-compliant parts from suppliers through advanced quality planning and prompt containment during spills. Prevention To understand t he prevention, let me show you a comparison at first. As you can see in the picture, Using the Lean approach, we control the process by prevention. It results in less rework and repair, and higher first time quality. By contrast, the traditional approach is trying to control the product, which is less efficient and more passive, with more rework and repair, and lower first time quality. Process Equipment Capability Reviews means periodic checks are conducted to identify trends or shifts in capability over periods of time. It includes four steps: 1) Identify process equipment with high risk/impact 2) Conduct initial capability confirmation 3) Conduct regular scheduled reviews to confirm capability 4) Implement corrective action as required Detection The second method is detection. Detection has two purposes. Purpose 1: To make non-standard conditions in the manufacturing process visible – identify when defects or non-standard have occurred. Purpose 2: This supports the â€Å"Do Not Accept† element of the quality motto: * Inspection process that confirms quality as soon as possible following manufacture * Measures the output of the manufacturing process * Alerts organization to out of standard conditions * Supports containment and provides input into continuous improvement Quality Check System Update: Internal/external ‘Customers’ are monitored for feedback. Where there is an indication of defect flow-out through the Verification process, a systematic analysis will be conducted; typically for: 1) Items currently not included in the quality check list/control plan For example, update check list based on prioritization and risk analysis. 2) Current check items not found during the check process For example, improve standardized work or re-train team members. The quality check system must be established in consideration of the ‘Supplier-Customer’ relationship. Inspection frequencies must be established by each ‘supplier’ that prevents shipping defects to downstream ‘customers’. This is a requirement for safety compliance items, key characteristics and for issues that will significantly impact the next process or customer. During a repair, the risk for a discrepancy to occur is increased – many aspects of the repair operation are non-standard. So the Independent Repair Confirmation is very necessary. Many aspects of the repair operation are non-standard: Any documented repair must be verified by Repair Confirmation (both on- and off-line) * Repair Confirmation must be conducted independently (e. g. by Quality). Standardized work (non-cyclic) should be used for the confirmation process – quality standards must be available. * Appropriate training and knowledge of standards must be developed to conduct or confirm repairs. * Repair confirmation should be as close to the repair process as possible. * Repair confirmation can be conducted by man or machine. Workers can use Andon(A Kind of Signboard) to Stop The Process: Work Station Team has the abi lity to stop the line and complete standardized work in station if there are some problems in the product line. If the Team Member has a quality issue within their standardized work they activate the Andon system to: * Initiate a call for help through station light, Andon board, and melody * Empower the Team Member to stop line organization responds to provide support * Stop at FPS (Fixed Position Stop) to contain and complete the repair * Where Andon is not available the principles still apply Alarm and Escalation Process: When a defect is detected, feedback to the appropriate team or individual will be given by using a communication system. The alarm is raised by using audio/visual signals (e. . Andon). The alarm process directs the support functions to: * ‘Go and See’ the problem * Apply containment to prevent further flow of defects * Initiate problem solving Containment Containment: the purpose of it is the achievement of customer expectations relies on a method to contain defects within the manufacturing process, and implement corrections to protect the next/downstream cust omer. This also supports the â€Å"Do Not Ship† element of the quality motto: * Vehicle delivery to the customer * Powertrain and MFD plants to vehicle assembly * External supplier to the manufacturing plant Internal departments (e. g. between body, paint and GA) * Between work stations within a department Summary of In-Process Control and Verification Standardized work is performed in every process and includes the required quality checks. Process control activities are implemented on equipment to control variation on a daily basis and maintain capability over a period of time. Detection confirms the manufacturing process and ensures both internal (Production Team Members) and External Customers (people who buy our products) are receiving products that meet or exceed the quality standards. A process is in place to contain defects within the manufacturing process and implement permanent corrective actions that are verified as being effective. 3. 3 Process Failure and Effect Analysis Purpose of this procedure: Investigation, documentation and if necessary reduction of the risk potential (Risk Priority Number-RPN) for all production processes. RISK PRIORITY NUMBER S x O x D = RPN * S = Severity * O = Occurrence * D = Detection * RPN = Risk Priority Number* * 1 = Lowest1000 = Highest There are some questions to answer for the Process Failure and Effect Analysis: Potential failure mode:What things have gone wrong? What things could go wrong? Effects of failure:What does a failure mean to the next operation, the assy plant, the final customer? Potential Cause of failure: Root cause what has gone wrong in the past Brainstorm what could cause failures? Current controls: What do we do today to prevent the defect from occurring and getting to our customer? Recommended actions: If current controls are not 100% effective, what actions should be taken? 3. 4 Quality Feedback/Feedforward Definition: The communication of quality expectations and results between customers and suppliers through standardized communication pathways. Purpose: To ensure that information on quality reaches those who need it. Feed Information Forward: Internal and external suppliers communicate known/potential problems and/or problem solving status to their customers in a timely manner. This provides the customer with sufficient lead time to react to upcoming changes and take appropriate measures. Feed Information Back: Internal and external customers communicate known/potential problems and/or problem solving resolution to their suppliers in a timely manner. This provides the supplier with sufficient lead time to react to customer issues and take appropriate measures. Build and quality status of each vehicle is communicated to downstream processes. Summary of Quality Feedback/Feedforward Feedback/Feedforward promotes the communication of quality expectations and results between customers and suppliers through: * Clearly defining customer/supplier communication requirements †¢Defining timing, content, and format of information †¢Establishing metrics and the subsequent management process †¢Effective implementation of the Feedback/Feedforward communication tools †¢Problem identification, input into the plant problem solving process and countermeasure follow up . 5 Quality System Management Who is responsible for Quality? Team work is absolutely essential to deliver world-class quality. Everyone! Quality is a shared responsibility Quality Function Resource Allocation: Manufacturing and quality resources are allocated to support the quality system and interface with engineering. Each area requires sufficient resources to properly fo cus on supporting production and driving continuous improvement through P-D-C-A. Resource allocation needs to consider the quality and production components that are required to support the team member. Development of an organization for quality incorporates the â€Å"Planning†, â€Å"Doing† and â€Å"Checking† functions into their structure. Summary of Quality System Management Quality System Management provides the supporting structure and framework for the implementation of the quality system and ongoing improvement to the quality of our products through: * Establishment and implementation of a strategic quality plan for the organization * Allocation of manufacturing and quality resources to support the quality plan * Development of an rganization for quality that incorporates the â€Å"Planning†, â€Å"Doing† and â€Å"Checking† functions into their structure * Identification of requirements for documentation, procedures, practices and assessments * Integration of both quality and manufacturing BPD’s at all levels of the organization Part 4. Comments 4. 1 Achievements beyond Efficiency The GMS is generating positive results. By us ing GMS, General Motors achieved efficiency in many aspects. And GMS is a system built around people. The system stresses the value of teamwork, and is based on an underlying philosophy that everyone, in every position, adds value. In an empowered environment, everyone’s experience and insights are valued. Manufacturing performance is improved through the consistent adoption of five principals-people involvement, standardization, built in quality, short lead time and continuous improvement. The principals are interrelated and implemented as a complete system. When implemented, the GMS principals maximize performance in the areas of people systems, safety, quality, customer responsiveness and cost. Products, plants and processes are designed to allow GM’s people to use their skills and abilities as efficiently as possible. GM is the industry benchmark in safety, a goal achieved through a strong partnership between GM and its unions. GM’s workers realize a healthy, injury-free environment. The team concept is a critical part of managing quality by making each team responsible for managing quality in their area. Team members receive extensive training in identifying and solving problems. GM’s manufacturing strategy maximizes customer responsiveness, by responding fast to customer and market trends. GM’s manufacturing system concentrates on cost savings by eliminating all forms of waste that detract from our ability to be competitive. 4. 2 A Too-Lean GM? It wasn’t that long ago that General Motors was producing too many vehicles. Now the giant automaker can’t produce enough for some area dealers, who said they are finding it difficult to keep enough inventory of some new car and truck models to satisfy demand. And they’re probably losing some sales because of it â€Å"I definitely believe it’s restricted† our sales, Scott Hatchett, managing partner of Scholfield Buick GMC, said Monday. GM’s efforts to emerge from bankruptcy a leaner company mean the inventory Hatchett and other dealers have access to has been much thinner, especially for certain models such as GMC Terrain as well as the Buick Enclave and LaCrosse. â€Å"We literally get down to where we have one or two of those vehicles in stock,† he said. Jill Hattan said her dealership, Don Hattan Chevrolet in Park City, has had a difficult time keeping in stock the Chevy Equinox and Camaro. â€Å"It’s just trickling in on top of a small inventory,† she said. â€Å"We are definitely missing some sales. Hattan said her dealership is trying to alleviate the lack of inventory from Chevrolet by tapping other dealers’ inventory. â€Å"We actually try to purchase several at a time just for stock but when everyone’s short, that’s not easy to do either,† she said. GM spokesman Tom Henderson said his company is â€Å"dramatically different† now than before it entered a brief bankruptcy in June 2009. It’s axed brands such as Saturn and Pontiac, closed plants and received $50 billion in aid from the federal government. Before GM’s bankruptcy â€Å"we typically ran with very high inventories,† Henderson said. As a leaner company, its production has been sharply trimmed. Now the company is attempting to find the sweet spot between production and demand. â€Å"It’s a really delicate balancing act,† Henderson said. Henderson said he couldn’t disclose production rates going forward. But he did point to efforts by the company to ramp up production on the GMC Terrain and Chevy Equinox. It has taken an unused portion of its plant in Ontario, Canada, to create capacity for the manufacture of 60,000 to 80,000 more vehicles. Those two midsize SUVs are hot sellers for GM. GM said earlier this month that through the first six months of 2010, sales of the Equinox and Terrain were up nearly 193 percent from the same period last year. Henderson said the company is listening to its dealers such as Hatchett and Hattan. â€Å"We take their input seriously,† Henderson said, adding that dealers should see this fall the results of GM’s increased production efforts at its Canadian plant. As for additional production increases, â€Å"We’ll judge based on business conditions what to do going forward. † Bibliography * [http://www. gm. com] * Womack, James P. ; Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos. The Machine That Changed the World,1990. * Bailey, David (24 January 2008). â€Å"Automotive News calls Toyota world No. 1 car maker†. Reuters. com. Reuters. Retrieved 19 April 2008. * [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lean_manufacturing#cite_note-Reuters-3] * [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Toyota_Production_System] * Strategos-International. Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing. * [http://www. autointell-news. com/News-2003/January-2003/January-2003-1/January-03-03-p6. htm], GM’s Global Manufacturing System – A System To Build Great Cars and Trucks. * Jerry Siebenmark, A Too-Lean GM? , 2010. How to cite General Motors with Lean Manufacturing, Essay examples

Integrated Business Management and planing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Business Management and planning. Answer: Introduction Integrated business planning is the term which has been considered as an empirical business planning mechanism which provides enhancement to the principles of customer demands and strategic planning and which results in one seamless management process (oliverwight-game 2017). Moreover, the concerned approach has been considered as one of the best model or approach which is led by the senior management in a business corporation and can also be utilized for aligning the company plans on monthly basis. The biggest benefit of this approach is that it provides and ensures with the focus on the potential gaps in the business performance if any and also allows the business entity to predict and respond positively to the changing trends (Oliver Wight-americas 2017). The below-analyzed report has been made focused on the Enterprise Environmental Analysis and these are considered as the conditions which are not under the immediate control of the concerned team of a firm Tools for qualitative and quantitative impact analysis of EEF Quantitative strategies utilize numbers for translating information and are recognized by accentuation on numbers, estimation, trial plan, and measurable analysis. Expansive quantities of cases might be broken down utilizing quantitative plan, and this sort of configuration is deductive in nature, regularly coming from a biased speculation (cert wise 2015). The possibility to sum up results to a more extensive gathering of people and circumstances make this sort of research as well as appraisal plan famous with numerous. Despite the fact that appraisal can be done with the thoroughness of customary research, including a theory and results that are actually huge, this is not a vital segment of automatic results based evaluation. It is not fundamental to have a specific specimen measure unless the extent of your evaluation is on the institutional level. The qualitative system is the point by point depiction of circumstances, occasions, individuals, collaborations, and watched practices, the utilization of direct citations from individuals about their encounters, states of mind, convictions, and thoughts. Subjective evaluation is centered on seeing how individuals make the importance of and encounter their condition or world. It is restricted in scope, appropriate to particular circumstances and encounters, and is not planned for speculation to wide circumstances (PMP 2017). Information for subjective investigation, for the most part, results from hands on work. While during fieldwork on work a specialist invests a lot of energy in the setting that is being researched or analyzed. By and large multi-method in a center, three sorts of discoveries frequently result from the subjective hands on work involvement; meetings, perceptions, and records. Every essential sort of subjective information contributes one of a kind and profitable points of view about under study figuring out how to the results based evaluation process (Fahad 2017). At the point when utilized as a part of a mix, a more entire or all-encompassing picture of understudy learning is made. Unique methods for consolidating quantitative and subjective methodologies that include an incentive in effect assessment. Terms "qualitative", as well as "quantitative", should imply to the type of data generated in the process of exploration. The information is generated in the form of numbers in the case of quantitative research while subjective research tends to create information that is expressed in exposition or literary structures. All together to create distinctive sorts of information, subjective and quantitative research tend to utilize diverse techniques. Normally, the arbitrary specimen overview produces quantifiable information that can be measurably broke down with the fundamental point of measuring, collecting, demonstrating and foreseeing conduct and relations. Relevant techniques conversely are connected to a particular area, case or social setting and relinquish expansiveness of populace scope and measurable general is ability keeping in mind the end goal to invest igate issues inside and out. Just the same as subjective research, participatory research tends to utilize more logical techniques and evoke more subjective and interpretive data, yet brings an essential extra responsibility regarding regard neighborhood information and encourage nearby possession and control of information era and investigation (Chambers, 1994, 1997). This part of possession, what's more, control in participatory research is proposed to give space to nearby individuals to set up. Quantitative and subjective techniques in effective assessment and measuring come about their own scientific structure and to be in a position to challenge 'advancement from above'. Rather than the individualized perception and talks in a much subjective examination, participatory research concentrates on open and aggregate reflection and activity. Justification It has been considered as very much vital while considering approaches to join quantitative and subjective techniques and information and is also very much relevant to be well known about their similar focal points and to perceive that 'solid wall make great neighbors. Subjective research can utilize social expository systems to translate watched examples and patternsincluding investigation of socially separated resultsand to break down destitution as a dynamic procedure as opposed to a static result. So, for doing the proper and effective research related to enterprise environmental factors managers and employees of the business entity have to use quantitative and qualitative techniques both as it assists in doing the proper investigation so that they can attain their goals and objectives. In the quantitative techniques, Information related to office use, benefit utilization, consultant documentations, interest in understudy associations, a position of authority held, and length of group administration would all be able to help in clarifying why results may have been met. While using qualitative techniques, they can take interviews of different individuals. Along with this, they can do observation that is a different person doing distinctive things which help in analyzing the needs and wants. But these techniques are having an impact on EEF while making any changes. Evaluation of internal and external factors Venture natural components (EEFs) allude to conditions, not under the prompt control of the group, that impact, compel or coordinate the venture, program, or, then again portfolio. ETFs are vital to consider appropriate from begin of a venture since they may impact whether the venture is even possible at the present time given the present condition of the association. EEFs put a venture in setting and recognize imperatives so that the venture can be intended to profit by circumstances and alleviate dangers. ETFs are both the water through which the association swims and the sort of fish that the association has moved toward becoming. The waters might be quiet, turbulent, swarmed, or fruitful. The association might be specific and hence more grounded in specific zones yet weaker in others. At the point when extend supervisors develop an understanding comprehension of both external and internal conditions, they will better comprehend hierarchical technique and can create contracts also , plans that mirror the substances of the circumstance. Venture chiefs who are familiar with a culture can pick up regard and impact partner engagement in the venture. Since associations may have various societiesfor instance, inside specific capacities, divisions, or topographical areasa venture administrator or venture administration group must have the capacity to regard and explore each culture. The hierarchical administration is the tone at the highest point of the association and the abnormal state controls that exist to manage an association and keep it devoted to its central goal, vision, and moral esteem and to its outside lawful consistency commitments (Tutorialspoint 2017). The association's board, what's more, officials set strategies and support procedures to guarantee consistency with inside and outside necessities. A case of an EEF molded by culture and administration is partners' states of mind toward the hazard. Culture may decide trademark levels of hazard hunger, while the administration may include forms that adjust hi erarchical hazard to a hazard administration structure that requires the Association's individualsincluding venture directors and groupsto oversee dangers, archive hazard administration exercises, and comply with characterized chance acknowledgment levels. Cases of outside big business natural components are as per the following: Directions provided by government Economic trends Foundation Outer political conditions The below presented are a couple of cases of inside big business natural components: Authoritative culture Systematic arrangement of hierarchical structure Internal political environment Accessible assets In the internal influence, they have to follow appropriate organizational structure so that they cannot face any problem in managing work. Hierarchical structures are techniques for organizing formal announcing chains of command inside associations (ctb.ku 2017). The expert level of the venture chief and the venture administrator's reports are managed by the hierarchical structure. There are some essential hierarchical structures which company can use for project management The practical structure is the great authoritative storehouse structure. The grid structure has turned out to be more typical today and is described by group individuals/staff having two reportsa practical chief and a venture supervisor (Smartsheet 2017). The three sorts of grid associationspowerless, adjusted, and solid are recognized by the venture supervisor's power and revealing line. The project department of association is organized totally through tasks. EEFs likewise incorporate authoritative frameworks, which can be physical (e.g., workplaces and plants, capital hardware, workers and their abilities) or practical (e.g., PC frameworks and databases) (Ross, 2016). Another one is project management information system (PMIS) which incorporate booking programming apparatuses, design administration frameworks (adaptation control), data gathering and dissemination frameworks, and web interfaces (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). External influences are first strike a chord while considering undertaking ecological elements. They speak to an association's chances and dangers; furthermore, they can't be controlled, just caught on (Becker et al, 2013). These are the states of the economy, governmental issues, and the business commercial center. Outside impacts additionally incorporate hazard resistances of outside partners and controls and models delivered by government offices in at least one nation. The gathering and distribution of the information are not under control of a venture supervisor, so it is an EEF, a factor that exists in the venture's outer condition and can impact choices and occasions (Weiss, 2014). Development of strategies Authoritative process resources (OPAs) are the "plans, forms, strategies, systems, what is more, learning bases that are particular to and utilized by the performing Association." Like ETFs, OPAs are contributions to most arranging forms; what's more, they are yields of a few procedures (Myers, 2013). Accordingly, the acronym OPA is utilized regularly in this content. OPAs include: Processes and strategies Organizational learning base Processes and strategies Initiating and planning: OPAs that assistance amid Initiating or Planning include: Guidelines that assistance decides and legitimize which Process Groups are required for a particular venture and which can be overlooked. Organizational measures, which incorporate arrangements and methods (Jeston and Nelis, 2014). These may apply to the whole association, for example, HR, well-being and security, or morals arrangements, or they might be extended particular, for example, venture or item life cycles, extend administration approaches, or quality administration strategies Executing and monitoring: During Executing or Monitoring and Controlling, procedures and systems are ordinarily controls that should be connected or examined. Controls can be arranged as: Change control (how to examine and support changes and adjust reports). Financial control (how to report time, audit and record for uses or payment, and create contracts with standard arrangements). Issue and imperfection control (how to distinguish, resolve, and track issues and deformities) (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). Communication as well as documentation control. Work approval control (how to approve work to start in the best possible arrangement). Risk control (how to arrange dangers and impact their probabilities and impacts). Closing: In this stage, the association gives rules and necessities to what documentation should be delivered, revealed, and after that chronicled. It can be useful in complex undertakings when extend chiefs can allude to data from earlier complex activities; however this documentation is valuable just when it is finished. Organizational learning base The hierarchical learning base is essentially all authentic information that was gathered from every single earlier venture (Van Der Aalst, 2013). It incorporates any documentation from the present venture that will never be changed again amid the venture (Fleischmann et al, 2014). The learning base along these lines does exclude any record that is liable to change (i.e., is a "living" report) and is as yet being utilized to deal with a present venture. Meeting minutes are a piece of the corporate learning base, yet the present rendition of the venture administration design is not some portion of the learning base until the point that the venture is closed (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). Associations likewise have resources which help them in accomplishing their targets. Here these advantages are called hierarchical process resources (OPA). These hierarchical procedure resources are kept in some focal storehouse with the goal that they can be utilized at whatever point required. Hierarchical process resources enable associations to persistently enhance their procedure, to help extend administration groups to learn, and share the accepted procedures by utilizing an aggregate information base (Dumas et al, 2013). Undertaking ecological variables could possibly help your associations. These are the conditions in which your association needs to work. These don't fall under the control of the venture administration group. Communication on management processes and outcomes of diverse stakeholders Authoritative interchanges will have trademark styles, procedures, and media managed by culture and arrangement. Venture directors take in the best possible level of custom required for interchanges, impart through permitted channels, and take a favorable position of every single worthy correspondence media. At the point when the venture supervisor is in an area at a separation from chiefs or different partners, it is particularly imperative to exploit all permitted electronic types of correspondence, for example, email, messaging, online networking, and video conferencing for both formal and casual interchanges. A partner has been considered as an individual, or group or a community, or an association who are liable in stimulating, be influenced by, or, then again see itself to be influenced by a choice, action, or result of a venture (Laudon et al, 2012). It incorporates the support, the client, extends initiative, the venture supervisor, the venture administration group, the ventu re group, hierarchical directors, vendors and business accomplices, and outer people who may think they would be affected by the venture or its expectations. The support is a piece of the venture group since he or she champions the venture, builds up the contract and necessities, and guarantees that the venture gets what it should be fruitful (Chang, 2016). The support is likewise a venture partner who assesses comes about and decides whether they are worthy. Note that while dealers and clients are appeared as outside partners, they are so essential to extend acknowledgment that they are likewise extending partners. Partners impact a venture's degree and regularly its assets and ways to deal with fulfilling their own desires. Here and there might be clashes among the desires of the diverse partners in a venture and between partners' desires and the association's key targets. Some partner needs and objectives will dispute with requirements; for example, extend cost or a conveyance da te. Venture administrators and backers utilize the contract and extension procedures to decide and after that record how they adjusted these contending needs. Great venture administration requires bringing partner desires and vital destinations into the arrangement (Bove and Thill, 2015). Reflection Criteria are the standards which are required to be developed for making judgments and which also provide guidelines for making the decisions. In the following scenario the main criteria for choosing this assignment was to develop an understanding regarding the concept of business management The process used for choosing this project was simple, it has been chosen from the options given below and the main reason behind choosing this project is the data of the project is very well known and also the data was also easily available. Project management process has been considered as one of the critical processes for any of the projects due to the fact that this procedure is core process which develops and links all the associated operations and processes together. There are a number of activities and processes involved in the project management and which are been categorized as presented below: Initiatives for project Planning for project Execution of project Validation and control Evaluating and closeout The enterprise environmental factors are the components which are associated with the internal and the external environment of a business entity and are very much liable in stimulating the projects in the business environment. The below mentioned are some of the approaches which has been used by me for the identification of the impacts of EEF: Risk management approach has been considered as one of the best mechanism for identification of the impacts of the internal and external enterprise environmental factors and also the analysis of the marketing trends and the laws and the norms imposed by the governing authorities. As the approach is a management process so the skills learnt by me were at the professional level of involving of the managerial skills and capabilities. This comprises of skills and capabilities at expert level, for instance this approach has made me to become a better decision maker and has also enhanced the level of interpersonal and communication skills. The skills and the capabilities developed by the project management process are the managerial level and which has aided me to become a good and fair decision maker and which has enhanced my performance and productivity level and also a development has been observed in the productivity and the outcomes. This enables me to develop better and improved ways with greater efficiency in managing the global project. Number of positive changes has been observed through the learning such as the learning sessions have enhanced the listening capacity which will enable me to become a good leader. Moreover this will also develop the decision making capabilities which is very much essential and requires to be efficient and effective in the managerial process. The major role as a professional in the sector of project management is to recognize the risk which will directly impact on the likelihood of success of the project and is also responsible for making decisions and which directly benefits the project (Haughey 2017). Conclusion In the limelight of the above executed analysis it has been concluded that Enterprise environment factors are the variables which are very much liable in stimulating the business corporations the projects executed within the business environment and also the outcomes are affected by the same. The analysis has been segmented into three parts of which the first is a discussion forum which comprises of the tools and the techniques which can be adopted by the business organizations for analyzing the qualitative and quantitative impacts of EEF. The second part involves the evaluation of the internal and the external factors which imposes impacts on the project management processes and also the strategies are developed for the implementation of the course of action. Moreover the last part is based on sets of some questions which are the reflection of the above executed analysis. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Becker, J., Kugeler, M. and Rosemann, M. eds., 2013.Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science Business Media. Bove, C.L. and Thill, J.V., 2015.Business in action. Pearson. certwise, 2015, Enterprise environmental factors (EEF), Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.certwise.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/HC_PMP_TextExcerpt.pdf. Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. ctb.ku, 2017, Developing and using criteria and processes to set priorities, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-and-resources/criteria-and-processes-to-set-priorities/main. Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J. and Reijers, H.A., 2013.Fundamentals of business process management(Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Springer. Fahad, u, 2017, Enterprise environmental factors organizational process assets, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://pmstudycircle.com/2012/01/enterprise-environmental-factors-organizational-process-assets/. Fleischmann, A., Schmidt, W., Stary, C., Obermeier, S. and Brger, E., 2014.Subject-oriented business process management. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Haughey, D, 2017, The role of the project manager, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/the-role-of-the-project-manager.php. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Laudon, K.C., Laudon, J.P., Brabston, M.E., Chaney, M., Hawkins, L. and Gaskin, S., 2012.Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, Seventh Canadian Edition (7th. Pearson. Myers, M.D., 2013.Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. oliverwight-americas, 2017, Integrated business management, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.oliverwight-americas.com/system/files/public/resources/integrated-business-management-john-schorr.pdf. oliverwight-eame, 2017, What is integrated business planning?, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.oliverwight-eame.com/en-GB/integrated-business-planning/what-is-ibp. PMP, p, 2017, Enterprise environmental factors organizational process assets: Importance in project management, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.simplilearn.com/enterprise-environmental-factors-organizational-process-assets-article. Ross, D.F., 2016.Introduction to e-supply chain management: engaging technology to build market-winning business partnerships. CRC Press. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Smartsheet, 2017, 8 elements of an effective change management process, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.smartsheet.com/8-elements-effective-change-management-process. Tutorialspoint, 2017, Project management process, Assessed on 1st August 2017, https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/project_management_processes.htm. Van Der Aalst, W.M., 2013. Business process management: a comprehensive survey.ISRN Software Engineering,2013. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. White, P., Dranke, M. and Hindle, P., 2012.Integrated solid waste management: a lifecycle inventory. Springer Science Business Media.

Research Proposal on Ecotourism Essay Example

Research Proposal on Ecotourism Essay Ecotourism is a modern form of recreation in nature, providing an unstable using of nature and sustainable development of natural areas. Thus, ecotourism is not only a kind of nature-based tourism, which brings together people who are traveling with the purpose of the scientific and cognitive studying of surrounding natural and cultural environment, but also the opportunity to be an active defender of the environment. World practice of ecotourism has proven that it is economically and environmentally verified business model, which lets preserve nature more successful than other types of economic activity or severe restrictions on recreation. Today, ecotourism is a journey into the untouched corners of nature, some alternative form of relaxation and recreation oriented towards new values, especially to the close contact with nature. Yet there are many definitions proposed to identify the essence of the concept of â€Å"ecotourism.† The reasons for the growing interest in ecotourism is sustainable environmental deterioration. And as the future trend of urbanization and pollution of natural areas will increase, the growing interest in ecotourism will increase. The main advantages of ecotourism ensuring its rapid development in the modern world is a sustainable development of the areas used for ecotourism, environmental nature of the ecotourism programs and technologies, the use of market mechanisms to form environmental outlook of the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Ecotourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Ecotourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Ecotourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, the high attractiveness of ecotourism is explained by unique and exotic natural objects and phenomena that are conserved only in protected areas. For example, 48% of tourists arriving in Latin America are intended to travel to wildlife reserves. The management of many national parks, wildlife reserves makes ecological excursions into the real show. An example would be the Yellowstone National Park in the United States, where the duration of excursions is designed to minutes and associated with periods of geysers activity. Very often, such natural sites shows, especially those in caves, are accompanied by color lighting, music, theatrical performances, demonstrating scenes from the lives of Aboriginal people. This kind of ecotourism is most developed in Australia, so it is identified with the Australian model ecotourism. Our planet has a huge tourism and recreational potential for the development of highly profitable and promising industry – tourism industry. The most attractive targets for ecotourism in the first place are unique natural features (waterfalls, cliffs, canyons, geysers, caves), rare and exotic fauna and flora, highly aesthetic natural and cultural landscapes, objects, natural and historical heritage. Economic and social benefits that ecotourism provides are immense. These include increased economic stability of the territories involved in recreational use by creating new jobs and bringing into the service the local population, improving its living standards and reduce social tensions, etc. To get more relevant data on the issue, study free example research proposal paper on ecotourism. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Ecotourism topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Chinese-Americans and the Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese-Americans and the Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad was a dream of a country set on the concept of Manifest Destiny. In 1869, the dream was made a reality at Promontory Point, Utah with the connection of two railway lines. The Union Pacific began construction of their rail in Omaha, Nebraska working toward the west. The Central Pacific began in Sacramento, California working toward the East. The Transcontinental Railroad was a vision of a country but was put into practice by the Big Four: Collis P. Huntington, Charles Cocker, Leland Stanford, and Mark Hopkins. Benefits of the Transcontinental Railroad The benefits of this railroad were enormous for the country and the businesses involved. The railroad companies received between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track in land grants and subsidies. The nation gained a quick passage from east to west. A trek that used to take four to six months could be accomplished in six days. However, this great American accomplishment could not have been achieved without the extraordinary effort of Chinese-Americans. The Central Pacific realized the enormous task ahead of them in the construction of the railroad. They had to cross the Sierra Mountains with an incline of 7,000 feet over only a 100-mile span. The only solution to the daunting task was a great deal of manpower, which quickly turned out to be in short supply. Chinese-Americans and the Building of the Railroad   The Central Pacific turned to the Chinese-American community as a source of labor. In the beginning, many questioned the ability of these men that averaged 4 10 and only weighed 120 lbs. to do the work necessary. However, their hard work and abilities quickly allayed any fears. In fact, at the time of completion, the vast majority of workers from the Central Pacific were Chinese. The Chinese worked under grueling and treacherous conditions for less money than their white counterparts. In fact, while the white workers were given their monthly salary (about $35) and food and shelter, the Chinese immigrants received only their salary (about $26-35). They had to provide their own food and tents. The railroad workers blasted and scraped their way through the Sierra Mountains at great risk to their lives. They used dynamite and hand tools while hanging over the sides of cliffs and mountains. Unfortunately, the blasting was not the only detriment they had to overcome. The workers had to endure the extreme cold of the mountain and then the extreme heat of the desert. These men deserve a great deal of credit for accomplishing a task many believed impossible. They were recognized at the end of the arduous task with the honor of laying the last rail. However, this small token of esteem paled in comparison to the accomplishment and the future ills they were about to receive. Prejudice Increased After the Completion of the Railroad There had always been a great deal of prejudice towards the Chinese-Americans but after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, it only became worse. This prejudice came to a crescendo in the form of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which suspended immigration for ten years. Over the next decade, it was passed again and eventually, the Act was renewed indefinitely in 1902, thus suspending Chinese immigration. Furthermore, California enacted numerous discriminatory laws including special taxes and segregation. Praise for the Chinese-Americans is long overdue. The government over the last couple of decades is beginning to recognize the significant achievements of this important segment of the American population. These Chinese-Americans railroad workers helped to fulfill the dream of a nation and were integral in the improvement of America. Their skill and perseverance deserve to be recognized as an accomplishment that changed a nation.

The Gods of the Olmec

The Gods of the Olmec The mysterious Olmec Civilization flourished between roughly 1200 and 400 B.C. on Mexicos Gulf coast. Although there are still more mysteries than answers about this ancient culture, modern researchers have determined that religion was of great importance to the Olmec. Several supernatural beings appear and re-appear in the few examples of Olmec art that survive today. This has led archaeologists and ethnographers to tentatively identify a handful of Olmec gods. The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture was the first major Mesoamerican civilization, thriving in the steamy lowlands of Mexicos Gulf coast, mainly in the modern-day states of Tabasco and Veracruz. Their first major city, San Lorenzo (its original name has been lost to time) peaked around 1000 B.C. and was in serious decline by 900 B.C. The Olmec civilization had faded by 400 B.C.: no one is certain why. Later cultures, like the Aztec and the Maya, were heavily influenced by the Olmec. Today little survives of this grand civilization, but they left behind a rich artistic legacy including their majestic carved colossal heads. Olmec Religion Researchers have done a remarkable job of learning so much about Olmec religion and society. Archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified five elements of Olmec religion: a particular cosmos, a set of gods who interacted with mortals, a shaman class, specific rituals and sacred sites. Many specifics of these elements remain a mystery: for example, it is believed, but not proven, that one religious rite mimicked the transformation of a shaman into a were-jaguar. Complex A at La Venta is an Olmec ceremonial site which was largely preserved; much about Olmec religion was learned there. Olmec Gods The Olmec apparently had gods, or at least powerful supernatural beings, which were worshiped or respected in some way. Their names and functions - other than in the most general sense - have been lost over the ages. Olmec deities are represented in surviving stone carvings, cave paintings, and pottery. In most Mesoamerican art, gods are depicted as human-like  but are often more gruesome or imposing. Archaeologist Peter Joralemon, who has studied the Olmec extensively, has come up with a tentative identification of eight gods. These gods show a complicated mixture of human, bird, reptile and feline attributes. They include the Olmec Dragon, the Bird Monster, the Fish Monster, the Banded-eye God, the Maize God, the Water God, the Were-Jaguar and the Feathered Serpent. The Dragon, Bird Monster, and Fish Monster, when taken together, form the Olmec physical universe. The dragon represents the earth, the bird monster the skies and the fish monster the underworld. The Olmec Dragon The Olmec Dragon is depicted as a crocodile-like being, occasionally having human, eagle or jaguar features. His mouth, sometimes open in ancient carved images, is seen as a cave: perhaps, for this reason, the Olmec were fond of cave painting. The Olmec Dragon represented the Earth or at least the plane upon which humans lived. As such, he represented agriculture, fertility, fire and otherworldly things. The dragon may have been associated with the Olmec ruling classes or elite. This ancient creature may be the forebear of Aztec gods such as Cipactli, a crocodile god, or Xiuhtecuhtli, a fire god. The Bird Monster The Bird Monster represented the skies, sun, rulership, and agriculture. It is depicted as a fearsome bird, sometimes with reptilian features. The bird monster may have been the preferred god of the ruling class: carved likenesses of rulers sometimes are shown with bird monster symbols in their dress. The city once located at the La Venta archaeological site venerated the Bird Monster: its image appears there frequently, including on an important altar. The Fish Monster Also called the Shark Monster, the Fish Monster is thought to represent the underworld and appears as a frightening shark or fish with sharks teeth. Depictions of the Fish Monster have appeared in stone carvings, pottery, and small greenstone celts, but the most famous is on San Lorenzo Monument 58. On this massive stone carving, the Fish Monster appears with a fearsome mouth full of teeth, a large X on its back and a forked tail. Shark teeth excavated at San Lorenzo and La Venta suggest that the Fish Monster was honored in certain rituals. The Banded-Eye God Little is known about the mysterious Banded-eye God. Its name is a reflection of its appearance. It always appears in profile, with an almond shaped eye. A band or stripe passes behind or through the eye. The Banded-eye God appears more human than many of the other Olmec gods. It is found occasionally on pottery, but a good image appears on a famous Olmec statue, Las Limas Monument 1. The Maize God Because maize was such an important staple of life of the Olmec, its not surprising that they dedicated a god to its production. The Maize God appears as a human-ish figure with a stalk of corn growing out of his head. Like the Bird Monster, Maize God symbolism frequently appears on depictions of rulers. This could reflect the rulers responsibility to ensure bountiful crops for the people. The Water God The Water God often formed a divine team of sorts with the Maize God: the two are often associated with one another. The Olmec Water God appears as a chubby dwarf or infant with a gruesome face reminiscent of the Were-Jaguar. The Water Gods domain was likely not only water in general but also rivers, lakes and other water sources. The Water God appears on different forms of Olmec art, including large sculptures and smaller figurines and celts. It is possible that he is a forebear of later Mesoamerican water gods such as Chac and Tlaloc. The Were-Jaguar The Olmec were-jaguar is a most intriguing god. It appears as a human baby or infant with distinctly feline features, such as fangs, almond-shaped eyes and a cleft in his head. In some depictions, the were-jaguar baby is limp, as if it is dead or sleeping. Matthew W. Stirling proposed that the were-jaguar is the result of relations between a jaguar and a human female, but this theory is not universally accepted. The Feathered Serpent The Feathered Serpent is shown as a rattlesnake, either coiled or slithering, with feathers on its head. One excellent example is Monument 19 from La Venta. The feathered serpent is not very common in surviving Olmec art. Later incarnations such as Quetzalcoatl among the Aztecs or Kukulkan among the Maya seemingly had a much more important place in religion and daily life. Nevertheless, this common ancestor of the significant feathered serpents to come in Mesoamerican religion is considered important by researchers. Importance of the Olmec Gods The Olmec Gods are very important from an anthropological or cultural point of view and understanding them is critical to understanding Olmec civilization. The Olmec civilization, in turn, was the first major Mesoamerican culture and all of the later ones, such as the Aztec and Maya, borrowed heavily from these forebears. This is particularly visible in their pantheon. Most of the Olmec gods would evolve into major deities for later civilizations. The Feathered Serpent, for example, appears to have been a minor god to the Olmec, but it would rise to prominence in Aztec and Maya society. Research continues on the Olmec relics still in existence and at archaeological sites. Currently, there are still more questions than answers about the Olmec Gods: hopefully, future studies will illuminate their personalities even further. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

Exhibition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exhibition - Research Paper Example Modernism, as an imperative aspect of humanity, mushroomed and completely changed the way people were doing things. The fundamental changes underwent changed the notion and perception of humanity to the better. As a theme, modernism illustrates the past and cultural activities of the ancient people while the political and sociological theme mainly aims at presenting the mode of governance and the social life of the people during the period the artwork was done. This project shall candidly and comprehensively elucidate on an art exhibition that presents various Latin America and modern artworks, elucidate on the luster, texture, artistic impression as well as the artistic styles used in an effort to understand and link the arts to the theme of modernism. The first image in the presentation is the Cortà ©s and la Malinche, a 1923-26 art by Josà © Orozco. Four lines bound the image. At the top, it has a horizontal multi-colored line that inevitably grabs the attention of the viewer at first sight. A man and woman are drawn grabbing the body parts of each other while stepping on another man that is lying on the ground1. The black frames of the artwork candidly portrays melancholy that an audience can easily associate with the events that are going on in the image as well as the overall hardships and pains that traditions brought to a society that was striving to be civilized and adopt modern ways of doing things. It also overly uses light and dark visual artifice. Apparently, the image is a 2D artwork with an ostensibly rough texture. It is drawn from gold and silver to give the artwork an impressive view and portray the artist’s aptitude and capability of mixing different colors to create a remarkable image. In the half of th e whole ground that is the fore ground the texture is smooth which is different from the background where by the texture is rough. This connotes a difference in the whole art

Financial and Mangement Accounting (Cable and Wireless Plc) Essay

Financial and Mangement Accounting (Cable and Wireless Plc) - Essay Example Cable & Wireless Plc is a company with operations scattered around the world. It has maintained a good profitability performance during 2008 despite the fact that revenue in 2008 declined as compared 2007. The emphasis was to economize the cost of sales. Liquidity is a definite problem with the company as is with other companies as well. Efficiency on inventory turnover has covered up lot of operational weaknesses of the company in 2008. The company is highly geared and the equity holders are presented with a stage to have benefits of trading in equity. Investors are ever willing to invest as it clear from it price earning ratio. The company is following strictly the provisions IAS 14 in maintaining its accounting policy of segment reporting. The information is exhaustive under primary segments that are business wise; and adequate in secondary segments that are created on the basis geographical areas covered by the company in its business operations.

Integrative Network Design Essay Example for Free

Integrative Network Design Essay Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer. Their products include plastic beverage containers produced in Albany, Georgia, custom plastic parts produced in Pontiac, Michigan, and plastic fan parts produced in Hang Zhou, China (UOPX, 2013, p. 1). Riordan’s research and development is in San Jose, California (Corporate Headquarters). Riordans main customers are automotive parts manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, the Department of Defense, beverage makers and bottlers, and appliance manufacturers (UOPX, 2013, p. 1). Team B and associates were task by Riordan to analysis Riordan’s WAN and add a wireless Network to Riordan Manufacturing, also to analyze and update Riordan’s Internet security in each of the locations and provide documentation for security policies and procedures. What is a wireless network and what are the benefits of going wireless. With the current wireless technology, Wi-Fi is everywhere; one can connect to the Internet by going to coffee houses, airports, hospitals, hotels, and homes. Businesses can stay connected to their coworkers and customers without being tied to their office desk by using wireless networks and Wi-Fi hotspots. Wireless local-area network (WLAN) allows personnel to connect to their computers without wires or cables. A wireless network uses radio waves to connect and communicate within a certain area to mobile devices. If someone needs a document while attending a meeting in the conference room or one needs to access the inventory list from the warehouse. A wireless network allows one to access the company’s Internet and retrieve documents on their mobile devises without leaving the meeting or going back to their office. Benefits of Wireless Networking The benefits of company’s going wireless include convenience, mobility productivity, and ease of set up, scalability, security, and cost. Mobile devices in today’s society are equipped with Wi-Fi technology and able to connect to a WLAN. Convenience: employees can access securely to their company’s network resources from any location within their coverage area. The coverage area normally is the office building but is able to expand to other company facilities. Mobility: employees are connected to the network when they are not at their office desk. People in meetings can access documents and applications with their mobile devices. Salespeople can access the company’s network from any location. Productivity: employees accessing their documents and applications are the key to get the job done, and it encourages teamwork. Customers also have access to the company’s Internet using a secure guest access to view their business data. Ease of setup: business do not have to run cables through the facilities, installation is quick and cost-effective. WLAN’s make it easier to for hard to reach locations to have connectivity to the network. Scalability: with businesses expand, company’s need to expand quickly along with their network. Wireless network expands with the current existing equipment. Security: the success in controlling and managing secure access to a business’s wireless network is very important. Security managers must be knowledgeable with the advanced Wi-Fi technology and needs to provide vigorous security protections to protect their data, but only giving permission to who need access. Cost: businesses that operate with and WLAN, reduces wiring costs during office upgrades. How Riordan Manufacturing can use a wireless Networking Company’s using a wireless networks are boosting productivity and encourage data information sharing. Employees can wander throughout the building using mobile devices and still have constant access to documents, e-mails, applications, and other network resources required to do their jobs. Employees using wireless LAN can travel throughout the office building without losing Internet connectivity. Employees having a team meeting or in conference can have the most updated communications, including all documents and applications on the network. Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) technology; also have roaming capabilities in their voice communications. Improved responsiveness Customers require rapid replies to questions and concerns. A WLAN improves customer service or relationships by connecting employees to the data information. Better access to information WLAN’s allow business’s access to all areas in the building without any connectivity issues. WLAN’s are very effective in warehouses, manufacturing plants, and distribution centers. Employees can access inventories and providing accurate figures in real time to management. Easier network expansion Businesses expanding and hiring new employees are easily added the network by the network administrator. Office furniture is easily moved and employees are added or removed to/from the network without issues. Enhanced guest access WLAN’s allow businesses to provide secure wireless access to the Internet for guests or visitors. Hospitals, restaurants, hotels, coffee shops, and other public businesses provide WI-FI to all mobile devices. The IT administrator will need to verify that all the desktop PCs already have the integrated Wi-Fi hardware installed or the PC’s will need to upgraded. Switching to a WLAN does not mean switching changing from ones existing wired network. It is common for businesses to have a wired-wireless network that provides wireless capabilities to conference rooms or in new expanded office spaces. WLAN’s also supports VOIP for the conference rooms. IT managers should be aware of some of the technical aspects of WLAN’s. The WLAN network covers approximately about 3,000 square feet. The range of a wireless router could be affected by walls and cubicles, and the signals are hard to be received in elevators. Other issues IT managers should be made aware of include: †¢Wireless router is shared between 15-20 users per each access point for data, 8-12 for VOIP †¢VOIP quality, wireless routers need to be installed closer together †¢Routers have enhanced coverage when they are installed on the ceiling. Security policies and procedures in a WLAN are very important to consider when establishing a wireless network. Security policies that need to be considered: †¢Data encryption †¢User authentication †¢Secure access for visitors †¢Control systems. To prove that the design meets the data rate requirements, you need to calculate the required data transfer rate for all your networks. Backups over the network must move the data from all your clients, to your media servers fast enough to finish backups within your backup window. To calculate the data transfer rate, use this formula: Required network data transfer rate = (amount of data to back up) / (backup window) the chart below shows the typical transfer rates of some of the more resent network technologies. Table: Network data transfer rates (PowerTech. com, 2010, p. 1) Network TechnologyTheoretical gigabytes per hourTypical gigabytes per hour 100BaseT (switched)3625 1000BaseT (switched)360250 10000BaseT (switched)360025 Here is an example of how to calculate the required data transfer rate for your network: (Symantec Corp, 2013, p. 1) Use the following assumptions: †¢Amount of data to back up = 500 gigabytes †¢Backup window = 8 hours †¢Required network transfer rate = 500 gigabytes/8hr = 62. 5 gigabytes per hour Solution 1: Network Technology = 100BaseT (switched) Typical transfer rate = 25 gigabytes per hour A single 100BaseT network has a transfer rate of 25 gigabytes per hour. This network cannot handle your required data transfer rate of 62. 5 gigabytes per hour. In this case, you would have to explore other options, such as the following; backing up your data over a faster network (1000BaseT), large servers to dedicated tape drives (SAN media servers), SAN connections by means of SAN Client. Performing off-host backups using Snapshot Client to present a snapshot directly to a media server that backups during a longer time window, performs your backups over faster dedicated networks such as solution 2: Network Technology = 1000BaseT (switched) and Typical transfer rate = 250 gigabytes per hour Based on the above network table; a single 1000BaseT network has a transfer rate of 250 gigabytes per hour. This network has much more capacity to handle the backups for this system. To build a backup system for you network; you complete the following. The data transfer rates for your networks must be calculated in order to identify your various problems and potential bottlenecks. (The latest breaking technological solutions for dealing with multiple networks problems and potential bottlenecks are readily available for installation. ) Once the data transfer rates required for your backups are calculated, the rate of transfer must be able to achieve a complete backup of all your data within the allotted time. Then you must determine the most efficient type of tape or disk technology is available to meet your company’s specific needs. Determine the specific number of tape drives needed and the required data transfer rate is going to be for your network. To set the backups needed for your network, (as before) you must move the data from all your clients, to your media servers fast enough to finish backups within your backup window. Then determine the size of your systems ‘Netback up’ image database, exactly how much disk space will be needed to store your entire Netback up image database, the size of the ‘Netback up relational database’ (NBDB), and the required space that will be needed to handle the NBDB. Then calculate how much media will be needed to handle both full and incremental backups, plus you must determine how many tapes will be needed not only to store, but also to be able to retrieve and keep your backups. The next step will be to estimate the size of the tape library your network needs to store your backups and if you need to use robotic library tape slots in order to store your backups. General Threats to Network and Information Security is the primary concern in e-business. The assets of the e-business services and other electronic services should be protected in order to preserve the  authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability of the service. Administrators normally find that putting together a security policy that restricts both users and attacks is time consuming and costly. Many users in companies also become disgruntled at the heavy security policies making their work difficult for no discernible reason, causing bad politics within the company. A common attitude among users is that if no secret is being performed, and then why bother implementing security. Malicious attackers can gain access or deny services in numerous ways, for example with Viruses, Trojan horses, worms, password cracking, denial of service attacks, E- mail hacking, impersonation, Eavesdropping, Packet replay, packet modification, social engineering, intrusion attacks, and Network spoofing. Attackers are not the only ones who can harm an organization. The primary threat to data integrity comes from authorized users who are not aware of the actions they are performing. Errors and omissions can lose, damage, or alter valuable data. Users, data entry clerks, system operators, and programmers frequently make unintentional errors that contribute to security problems, directly and indirectly. Sometimes the error is the threat, such as a data entry error or a programming error that crashes a system. In other cases, errors create vulnerabilities. Errors can occur in all phases of the system life cycle. Programming and development errors, often called bugs, range in severity from irritating to catastrophic. Improved software quality has reduced but not eliminated this threat. Installation and maintenance errors also cause security problems. There are ways to keeping Riordan Manufacturing safe from all these problems. One way to protect the company is by having Common Access Cards for all employees. With these cards it will have all the employees personal Information and will also protect the employee from identity theft of employees personal information. By having these cards the IT personal will know exactly who the one that used certain computer was and be able to know when they did it. By keeping track of when and where every employee logs in. It is known for human errors to be number one risk for security side. Most of the hacking done by people has to do also because of a mistake of a worker. To reduce all of these things Training will have to be programmed to reduce human mistakes will on the job and after the job. Mobile phones are another threat to Riordan Manufacturing, because there are people that log on to the companies using their phones and many times they forget to close the account. By leaving this account open the company is vulnerable to hackers getting to the companies account and doing a great deal of damage. To prevent these types of things these part will have to be covered in Training through the company and the company will have to have all of their employees with a certain access to have a company phone and have them use only that phone to access the account if necessary. The phones will be protected at all times to make sure that no hacker is getting in to the account through these phones. Also if for some reason the employee wants to take action against the company and give secret information through the phone this should also be known through the company. A replay attack occurs when a valid media transmission between two parties is intercepted and retransmitted for malicious purposes. SRTP used in connection with a secure signaling protocol protects transmissions from replay attacks by enabling the receiver to maintain an index of already received RTP packets and compare each new packet with those already listed in the index. Many hackers like to do Spoofing, and this occurs when the attacker determines and uses an IP address of a network, computer, or network component when not authorized to do so. A successful attack allows the attacker to operate as if the attacker is the entity normally identified by the IP address. The largest threat in the Promises study was undocumented or unsecured USB devices. About 13 percent of the surveyed endpoints had them. This isnt just a theoretical concern. A 2005 Yankee Group survey found that 37 percent of the companies surveyed believed USB devices were used to compromise corporate information. Another way the company will be protected from is from unauthorized peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing programs that are often forbidden by company policy, 4 percent of the surveyed computers had such applications installed. This problem is getting worse. Not only are more peer-to-peer networks making their way onto corporate networks, but computer criminals have started using them to compromise and take over computers wholesale. Also cyber-attacks are costing the U. S. economy an estimated $8 billion a year. How much money is going from Riordan Manufacturing? This is a problem that has to be taken care of by reducing Human Errors since this is the largest threat to IT Security. Since Most breaches in critical corporate data are not the result of malicious intent. They are the result of mistakes made in the way security is managed and configured across the business especially at the network level. All of these problems are not only costing the company also nearly nine million U. S. residents are victims of identity theft each year. The â€Å"SOX requires publicly traded companies to secure information systems to the extent necessary to ensure the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. † (PowerTech. com, 2010, p. 1) Companies must now take into consideration that IT well trained and educated security support teams must be brought into the process to provide protection any leaks or intrusion in order to meet the compliance deadlines. â€Å"Section: 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have had the highest impact on Information Technology and Security. The IT related issues that cause problems for SOX compliance in the context of Section 404 are generally related to access control of system users. † (PowerTech. com, 2010, p. 1) Without adequate access controls in place, users can perform functions/activities that are in conflict with their job responsibilities are to modify/corrupt financial data. Controls to initiate/record unauthorized transactions commit fraud and cover their tracks. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act in some ways comes off very vague and open to interpretation leaving companies unsure how to handle compliance. The best way to start is to identify significant and potential high risk problems when going through the process, identifying specific systems, data processors, and control links whose integrity could be compromised. Once these problems within the network have been identified, effective controls must be implemented to address these deficiencies, to record their regularity and frequency, and to evaluate them to ensure that the proper set of controls is kept in place protecting system integrity. The Bill was introduced (and named for) sponsors; Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and U. S. Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH), as a reaction to a large number of various scandals that had exposed excessive wrong doing in the corporate world, costing investors billions of dollars and many companies to collapse. â€Å"The act contains 11 titles, or sections, ranging from additional corporate board responsibilities to criminal penalties, and requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement rulings on requirements to comply with the law. † (SOX-online, 2012, p. 1). The Constructing new data base network for Riordan Manufacturing will have to take all SOX rules, regulations and requirements  into consideration at each step along the way in order to stay within the guidelines of the law. General Threats to Network and Information Security is the primary concern in e-business. The assets of the e-business services and other electronic services should be protected in order to preserve the authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability of the service. Administrators normally find that putting together a security policy that restricts both users and attacks is time consuming and costly. Many users in companies also become disgruntled at the heavy security policies making their work difficult for no discernible reason, causing bad politics within the company. A common attitude among users is that if no secret is being performed, and then why bother implementing security. Malicious attackers can gain access or deny services in numerous ways, for example with Viruses, Trojan horses, worms, password cracking, denial of service attacks, E- mail hacking, impersonation, Eavesdropping, Packet replay, packet modification, social engineering, intrusion attacks, and Network spoofing. Attackers are not the only ones who can harm an organization. The primary threat to data integrity comes from authorized users who are not aware of the actions they are performing. Errors and omissions can lose, damage, or alter valuable data. Users, data entry clerks, system operators, and programmers frequently make unintentional errors that contribute to security problems, directly and indirectly. Sometimes the error is the threat, such as a data entry error or a programming error that crashes a system. In other cases, errors create vulnerabilities. Errors can occur in all phases of the system life cycle. Programming and development errors, often called bugs, range in severity from irritating to catastrophic. Improved software quality has reduced but not eliminated this threat. Installation and maintenance errors also cause security problems. There are ways to keeping Riordan Manufacturing safe from all these problems. One way to protect the company is by having Common Access Cards for all employees. With these cards it will have all the employees personal Information and will also protect the employee from identity theft of employees personal information. By having these cards the IT personal will know exactly who the one that used certain computer was and be able to know when they did it. By keeping track of when and where every employee logs in. It is known for human errors to be number one risk for security side. Most of the hacking done by people has to do also because of a mistake of a worker. To reduce all of these things Training will have to be programmed to reduce human mistakes will on the job and after the job. A replay attack occurs when a valid media transmission between two parties is intercepted and retransmitted for malicious purposes. SRTP used in connection with a secure signaling protocol protects transmissions from replay attacks by enabling the receiver to maintain an index of already received RTP packets and compare each new packet with those already listed in the index. Many hackers like to do Spoofing, and this occurs when the attacker determines and uses an IP address of a network, computer, or network component when not authorized to do so. A successful attack allows the attacker to operate as if the attacker is the entity normally identified by the IP address. The largest threat in the Promises study was undocumented or unsecured USB devices. About 13 percent of the surveyed endpoints had them. This isnt just a theoretical concern. A 2005 Yankee Group survey found that 37 percent of the companies surveyed believed USB devices were used to compromise corporate information. Another way the company will be protected from is from unauthorized peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing programs that are often forbidden by company policy, 4 percent of the surveyed computers had such applications installed. This problem is getting worse. Not only are more peer-to-peer networks making their way onto corporate networks, but computer criminals have started using them to compromise and take over computers wholesale. Also cyber-attacks are costing the U. S. economy an estimated $8 billion a year. How much money is going from Riordan Manufacturing? This is a problem that has to be taken care of by reducing Human Errors since this is the largest threat to IT Security. Since Most breaches in critical corporate data are not the result of malicious intent. They are the result of mistakes made in the way security is managed and configured across the business especially at the network level. All of these problems are not only costing the company also nearly nine million U. S. residents are victims of identity theft each year. The importance of explicit enterprise security policies and procedures are necessary in a structured network as we currently have in Riordan Manufacturing Inc. and in any other establishment whereas you depend on sending and receiving data over the internet. If no security policy boundaries would be taken seriously, each and one of us would be leaving ourselves vulnerable to malicious computer hackers, corrupted information sent on emails such as; Trojan horses, viruses etc.. As a growing company, we want to protect and ensure that personal information is not compromised and that company policy security awareness procedures are taken. Once a year all employees at Riordan will be required to complete an online assessment of standard procedures for computer use at the facility. If there are any suspicious cyber crime activities occurring, it shall always be reported immediately to the corresponded employee’s supervisor. Mobile work stations have been limited to company issued wireless devices inside the premises, excluding personal cell phones, smart phones, Mp3 players, portable media players, Laptops, tablets, USB drives or external hard drives. All data is classified and is set into four different categories; restricted/proprietary, confidential, sensitive and public. Employees must act appropriately, to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information unless if you have been authorized to access it, if it is utilized as a legitimate business need or shared with other company employees, then it is considered acceptable to the Riordan security policy. Our proposal of upgrading the current switches to the 24 port Meraki Cisco switch and the addition of MR24 Cisco access points will benefit the security policy of networking operations. The Network Security options, Firewalls (2013) website, both pieces of hardware’s have built in firewall management which will assist the network from intruders degrading our system. The purpose of a firewall is to secure the in house network and from non-trusted networks, by blocking content off the internet. Also knows as a choke point, a firewall provides a particular point of contact, enabling users to browse the internet from approved resources located internally or outside the network. It appears as a solitary address to the open public, providing the user access to the non-trusted network through SOCKS, proxy servers and from network address translation (NAT), while keeping the internal networks address private. This technique minimizes impersonating or cyber attack less likely because the firewall maintains the privacy of your internal networks (Network Security Options, Firewalls, 2013). Although firewalls can be limited to what it can protect, such as files that contain file transfer protocol (FTP), telnet amongst the other possible ways of data corruption but it will not necessarily protect them depending on specific destination of the information being transmitted and if the user decides to encrypt the data. When using wireless technology, this can bring several risks to the Network, because hackers can access any unencrypted wireless devices or access points. Having a Wi-Fi protected network will minimize the chances of anyone breaking into the system.